Protozoans.period.2

= =  Protozoans! ...THE BEGINNING
 * [[image:HSantonv.jpg]] || =ANTONI VAN LEEUWENHOEK=
 * ======His birth name is Thonis Philipszoon======
 * ======He was born in Delft, Holland on October 24, 1632======
 * ======He later adopted the name Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (Anthony from the Lion's Corner, after the location of his father's corner house near the Leeuwenpoort, the Lion's Port in Delft's East End. The use of Van was an affection of social standing that he assumed for its cachet.)======
 * ======In 1653 Van Leeuwehoek encountered his first simple microscope, a magnifying glass used by textile merchants to count threads and to check quality.======
 * ======Leeuwenhoek discovered the protozoa in 1657.====== ||


 * PROTOZOA ||
 * * Any of diverse group of eukaryotes, of the kingdom Prostisa
 * They are primarily unicellular eukaryotes. (However, **aremecium** have two nucleus: a micronucleus and a macronuclues)
 * They live singly or aggregating into colonies.
 * Protozoans are **heterotrophs.** (are not capable to make their own food so they must search for it in their enviroment)
 * It is also distinguished as **Protozoon.**
 * In order to move around they use little tails called flagellum.
 * Protozoans are compared to animals because they are more similar to the animal kingdom than to the plant kingdom.
 * Some similarities includes: Both Protozoa and Animals are heretotrophs. Rudimentary Locomotion System (ameoboid movements, cilia, flagella). Some protozoa have similar structures that look like a digestive systm, a mouth (cytostome) and an anus (cytopyge) which resemble that of the animal kingdom.
 * Protozoas consist of only **ONE single cell**.
 * They **ALL live in water or i n moist places**.
 * It hunts and eats food, digest it and makes it into living matter.
 * It breathes and burns the food it eats and throws it off waste. || [[image:protozoa.jpg width="187" height="169"]][[image:Euplotespha-Ciliate_Protozoa-by_Ralf_Schmode.jpg width="190" height="135"]] ||


 * = PROTOZOA REPRODUCTION ||
 * = [[image:amoeba_reproduction.jpg width="354" height="191"]] ||= * Divide themselves in half which later then become a complete separate animal.
 * Growing swelling called **"buds"** which break off and forms a separate animal. ||

THE TWO CHIEF CLASSES There is approximately more than 15,000 different types of Protozoa. In order to organize them, they are divided into subgroups or classes.

contain "false teeth" which flow out many directions which can be pulled back in to the body in any given moment. ||||= ||= **INFUSORIA** Have tiny hairs that extend from the cells that are used to push them through the water like oars. ||= || ===The four phyla of animal-like protists are: Zoomastigina, Sarcodina, Ciliophora (known as Ciliates), and Sporozoa. These phyla are distinguished by the way that they move. ===
 * = **RHIZOPODA**
 * = **RHIZOPODA**
 * = **RHIZOPODA**
 * ===**ZOOMASTIGINA===
 * Are animal-like protists that swim using flagella.
 * **Flagellas** are long projections resembling a whip that allow for the cell to move.
 * A type of **Zoomastigina** is **Zooflagellate**.
 * These cells are able to reproduce asexually by mitosis and **cytokinesis** or they ma reproduce sexually by meiosis. These cells are able to get food through their cell membranes.
 * **Zooflagellates** are fround in streams and lakes, in which they take up the nutrients of organic material that has begun decaying. || [[image:trichonympha3.gif]] ||


 * ===** SARCODINA===
 * Use **pseudopods, cytoplasmic projection**, to move and for feeding puposes.
 * A type of Sarcodines is the **amoeba.**
 * The amoeba is flexible and follow a type of locomotion movement called amoeboid movement. The amoeboid movement is when the cytoplasm of the amoeba streams into the pseudopod and then the rest of the cell follows it.
 * Another type of Scarcodina Phyla is the **Foraminiferan**. They are mostly found in the warmer area of the ocean. Over time, a collection of Foraminiferans form on the ocean floor because when they die the calcium carbonate builds up. || [[image:amoeba.gif]] ||


 * CILIOPHORA**
 * Use cilia, which are hair resembling projections that are in some way similar to the flagella, for movement and feeding purposes.
 * The cilia allows for the cell to move rapidly through waters.
 * Ciliates (cells with cilia) can be found in lakes (fresh water) and oceans (salt water) and live with out need to depend on other organisms like the way parasites do.
 * A type of Ciliophora is a Paramecium.
 * It has a highly structured membrane, several trichocysts which are used for the cell's own defense. || [[image:images.jpg]] ||


 * **MACRONUCLEUS vs. MICRONUCLEUS**
 * ** Macronucleus: ** has the original concept of the cell nucleus. It contains the DNA and RNA and is the center of cellular control.
 * ** Micronucleus: ** has reproductive functions and is related to the conjugating process (sexual reproduction) ||


 * SPOROZOA **
 * Are animal-like protists that are parasites, they don't move on their own, and reproduce by sporozoites.
 * The process of reproduction mostly consists of sporozoites attaching itself to a host cell, penetrating it and then living inside of it.
 * These animal-like protists can affect animals and humans, and cause several serious diseases.
 * Some type of diseases are malaria and the African sleeping sickness.
 * Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito which has Plasmodium sporozoites. Then once the body has been infected, the Plasmodium sporozoites start affecting the liver and red blood cells.
 * The African sleeping sickness spread among populations by the bite of tsetse fly. This sickness destroys red blood cells, major tissues, and nerve cells. The damage of nerve cells cause of a person to go into fall asleep. || [[image:Prot042b.gif width="240" height="255"]] ||

|| || || ||
 * = =**EXAMPLES OF ZOOMASTIGOPHORA**=
 * = =****EXAMPLES OF PARASITIC PROTOZOANS****=
 * = =****EXAMPLES OF VORTICELLA****=
 * = =****EXAMPLES OF CILIATE****=